Packard Bell Electronics, Inc.
<company> A leading US computer vendor.
As recently as 29 November 1995 the Wall Street Journal
reported that the company was having financial difficulties
and that one of its major suppliers of CPUs, Intel, was
about to make a large cash loan, so as to prevent loss of a
major customer. Packard Bell is a privately held company and
the WSJ also reported that NEC has been rumored to have
bought a large minority block of shares to help the company
stay in business.
Its computers are sold in major retail outlets in the USA and
are available as a bundled package: desktop or tower 486
CPU, single 3.5 inch floppy disk drive, CD-ROM, sound
card, 14 inch colour monitor, and 4-8MB of RAM.
1995 end-of-year prices in Computer Currents magazine (a
California Bay Area bi-monthly giveaway publication) are
US$1500 (approx. 1000 pounds) for a 486 desktop, with 8MB
RAM, 420MB hard disk drive, single 3.5 inch floppy drive, 14
inch colour monitor, 2-speed CD-ROM, and 16-bit sound card.
Headquarters: Sacramento, California, USA.
(1996-01-02)
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packed decimal
binary coded decimal
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Packed Encoding Rules
<protocol, standard> (PER) ASN.1 encoding rules for
producing a compact transfer syntax for data structures
described in ASN.1, defined in 1994.
PER provides a much more compact encoding then BER. It
tries to represents the data units using the minimum number of
bits. The compactness requires that the decoder knows the
complete abstract syntax of the data structure to be
decoded, however.
Documents: ITU-T X.691, ISO 8825-2.
(1998-05-19)
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packet
The unit of data sent across a network. "Packet" is a
generic term used to describe a unit of data at any layer of
the OSI protocol stack, but it is most correctly used to
describe application layer data units ("application
protocol data unit", APDU).
See also datagram, frame.
(1994-11-30)
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Packet Assembler/Disassembler
(PAD) Hardware or software device for splitting a data stream
into discrete packets for transmission over some medium and
then reforming the stream(s) at the receiver.
The term is most often used for interfaces to X.25 lines.
(1995-01-31)
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packet driver
<networking> IBM PC local area network software that
divides data into packets which it routes to the network.
It also handles incoming data, reassembling the packets so
that application programs can read the data as a continuous
stream.
FTP Software created the specification for IBM PC packet
drivers but Crynwr Software dominate the market and have
done the vast majority of the implementations.
Packet drivers provide a simple, common programming interface
that allows multiple applications to share a network
interface at the data link layer. Packet drivers
demultiplex incoming packets among the applications by using
the network media's standard packet type or service access
point field(s).
The packet driver provides calls to initiate access to a
specific packet type, to end access to it, to send a packet,
to get statistics on the network interface and to get
information about the interface.
Protocol implementations that use the packet driver can
coexist and can make use of one another's services, whereas
multiple applications which do not use the driver do not
coexist on one machine properly. Through use of the packet
driver, a user could run TCP/IP, XNS and a proprietary
protocol implementation such as DECnet, Banyan's,
LifeNet's, Novell's or 3Com's without the difficulties
associated with pre-empting the network interface.
Applications which use the packet driver can also run on new
network hardware of the same class without being modified;
only a new packet driver need be supplied.
There are several levels of packet driver. The first is the
basic packet driver, which provides minimal functionality but
should be simple to implement and which uses very few host
resources. The basic driver provides operations to broadcast
and receive packets. The second driver is the extended packet
driver, which is a superset of the basic driver. The extended
driver supports less commonly used functions of the network
interface such as multicast, and also gathers statistics on
use of the interface and makes these available to the
application. The third level, the high-performance functions,
support performance improvements and tuning.
http://www.crynwr.com/crynwr/home.html.
(1994-12-05)
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Packet in Plastic Grid Array
<integrated circuit> (PPGA) The package used for
Intel's Celeron Socket 370 CPU.
[Description?]
(1999-06-24)
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Packet InterNet Groper
<networking, tool> (ping, originally contrived to match
submariners' term for the sound of a returned sonar pulse) A
program written in 1983 by Mike Muuss (who also wrote TTCP)
used to test reachability of destinations by sending them one,
or repeated, ICMP echo requests and waiting for replies.
Since ping works at the IP level its server-side is often
implemented entirely within the operating system kernel
and is thus the lowest level test of whether a remote host is
alive. Ping will often respond even when higher level,
TCP-based services cannot.
Sadly, Mike Muuss was killed in a road accident on 2000-11-20.
The term is also used as a verb: "Ping host X to see if it is
up."
The Unix command "ping" can be used to do this and to
measure round-trip delays.
The funniest use of "ping" was described in January 1991 by
Steve Hayman on the Usenet group comp.sys.next. He was
trying to isolate a faulty cable segment on a TCP/IP
Ethernet hooked up to a NeXT machine. Using the sound
recording feature on the NeXT, he wrote a script that
repeatedly invoked ping, listened for an echo, and played back
the recording on each returned packet. This caused the
machine to repeat, over and over, "Ping ... ping ... ping ..."
as long as the network was up. He turned the volume to
maximum, ferreted through the building with one ear cocked,
and found a faulty tee connector in no time.
See also ACK, ENQ, traceroute, spray.
The Story of the Ping Program.
Unix manual page: ping(8).
(2002-11-29)
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packet radio
<communications, radio> The use of packet switched
communications protocols in large networks (i.e not
wireless LANs or Bluetooth) having wireless links to
terminals at least. Packet radio is split into amateur
packet radio (AX25) and General Packet Radio Service
(GRPS).
(2001-05-12)
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packet sniffer
<networking, tool> A network monitoring tool that captures
data packets and decodes them using built-in knowledge of
common protocols. Sniffers are used to debug and monitor
networking problems.
(1995-03-28)
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packet-switched
packet switching
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packet switching
<communications> A communications paradigm in which packets
(messages or fragments of messages) are individually routed
between nodes, with no previously established communication
path. Packets are routed to their destination through the
most expedient route (as determined by some routing
algorithm). Not all packets travelling between the same two
hosts, even those from a single message, will necessarily
follow the same route.
The destination computer reassembles the packets into their
appropriate sequence. Packet switching is used to optimise
the use of the bandwidth available in a network and to
minimise the latency. X.25 is an international standard
packet switching network.
Also called connectionless. Opposite of circuit switched
or connection-oriented. See also virtual circuit,
wormhole routing.
(1999-03-30)
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Packet Switch Node
(PSN) A dedicated computer whose purpose is to accept, route
and forward packets in a packet-switched network.
(1994-11-30)
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packet writing
<storage> A technique for writing CD-Rs and CD-RWs that is
more efficient in both disk space used and the time it takes
to write the CD.
Adaptec's DirectCD is a packet writing recorder for Windows
95 and Windows NT that uses the UDF version 1.5 file
system.
[Is this true? How does it work?]
(1999-09-01)
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PackIt
<file format, tool> A file format used on the Apple
Macintosh to represent collections of Mac files, possibly
Huffman compressed. Packing many small related files
together before a MacBinary transfer or a translation to
BinHex 4.0 is common practice.
(1994-11-30)
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This article was derived from the Free Online Dictionary of Computers and is available under ther terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.
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