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Directory service
A Directory service organizes content in a directory server into a logical
and accessible structure. It provides a single, consistent database in which
to store information about the network and all network-based resources -
users, servers, files, printers, shares, etc. It acts as a central authority
that can securely authenticate resources and manage identities and
relationships between them.
Directory services were part of an Open Systems Interconnect (OSI)
initiative to get everyone in the industry to agree to common network
standards to provide multi-vendor interoperability. In the 1980s they came
up with a set of standards - X.500, for directory services. Now they have
been replaced by a lightweight protocol LDAP.
What distinguishes a directory server from a relational database is that in
a directory, the information is generally read more often than it is
written. Hence the usual database features of transactions and rollback are
not implemented in a directory. Data may be made redundant, but the
objective is to get a faster response time during searches.
A directory service basically maps the names of network resources to their
respective network addresses. Similar to a domain name service, the user
doesn't have to remember the physical address of a network resource;
providing a name helps locate the resource. Each resource on the network is
considered as an object on the directory server. Information about a
particular resource is stored as attributes of that object. Information
within objects can be made secure so that only users with the available
permissions are able to access it.
A directory service defines the namespace for the network. A namespace is a
set of rules that determine how network resources are named and identified.
The rules specify that the names be unique and unambiguous. In LDAP, such a
name, called as distinguished name (DN) is used to refer to a collection of
attributes which make up a directory entry.
Microsoft's version of its directory service is the Active Directory which
is included in the Windows 2000 and Windows 2003 operating system versions.
Other directory service providers include NT Lan Manager (NTLM) which uses
Windows NT login authentication for web-applications within an intranet.
This content from Wikipedia is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
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